Article: Raptors as vermin: a history of human attitudes towards Pennsylvania's birds of prey. (Raptor Conservation).

Abstract

Many species of raptors (hawks, eagles, and falcons) were considered vermin in Pennsylvania well into mid-twentieth century. Indeed, as recently as the 1930s and 1940s, even eminent conservationists were calling for the elimination of so-called harmful birds of prey. Raptors were unprotected in Pennsylvania throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and in 1885 a 50-cent bounty was placed on all species of raptors. Although this particular bounty was repealed several years later, other bounties on diurnal raptors occurred sporadically until 1951. Bounties on several species of owls remained in force until 1969. Raptor protection, focusing on ...

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