Article: The patriarch of the plains: Cottonwoods, long a sign of water amid dry grasses, are struggling to survive. (Restoring).

Frontiersmen crossing the plains during the early 1800s had their own vision of heaven: the soft green crowns of cottonwoods rising above the yellow sweep of sun-parched grass in a land where rain was scarce and potable water scarcer.

A lone cottonwood on the plains might mark a hillside seep or a spot where the water table was within digging distance. Or, a cottonwood grove could shade a permanent spring, even though the waterhole was likely trampled by thousands of buffalo hooves. Water was water, and the plains cottonwood rose like a banner above almost every reliable accumulation.

Towering patriarch trees offered shade from a searing summer sun, ...

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