Article: Lost empires of the Americas: the ancient Andean empires shed new light on how civilizations arise.

The ancient Andean empires shed new light on how civilizations arise

The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro and his invading force of 167 soldiers must have felt a faint, eerie shock of recognition when they first encountered the Inca Empire nearly five centuries ago. Though the civilization cradled between South America's Pacific coast and the towering Andes lacked the wheel, iron and a written language, in many other ways it was as sophisticated as the societies Pizarro had left behind in Europe.

In the Andes ruled a powerful monarch who commanded an empire of aristocrats, bureaucrats, accountants, artisans, priests, peasant farmers and skilled ...

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