Article: The effects of high-stakes testing on elementary school art, music, and physical education.

Quality art, music, and physical education programs contribute significantly to a youngster's overall education (Coleman, 1999; Lambert, 2000; National Association for Sport and Physical Education, 1995; Perrin, 1994; Straub, 1994; Winner & Hetland, 2001). These programs also contribute to the development of the whole child. Many claim that studying the arts (music and the visual arts) from an early age stimulates students' creativity, enhances their problem-solving abilities, allows youngsters to experience the joy of self-expression, encourages self-discipline, and leads to a unique understanding of how to interact with other human beings and their cultures (Perrin, ...

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