Article: Repeating history.(Crawford Howell Toy)(Critical Essay)

The story of C. H. Toy: the nineteenth century was a time of cultural and intellectual turmoil in Europe and North America.

Industrialization led to increasing urbanization. Family roles altered, and social structures were overturned. These changes grew out of the new mode of critical thinking that emerged from the Enlightenment. In the wake of this new attitude, modern science was born, history birthed historiography, and the study of literature gave rise to literary criticism. In every area, it seemed "uncritical acceptance and reverential awe gave way to the progress of scholarship." (1) Biblical studies could not remain untouched.

Biblical criticism ...

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