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Neurotransmitters
- Article from:
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Chemistry: Foundations and Applications
- Author:
- Powers, Jennifer L.
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Copyright informationCOPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group, Inc. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information)
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers produced by the nervous systems of higher organisms in order to relay a nerve impulse from one cell to another cell. The two cells may be nerve cells, also called neurons, or one of the cells may be a different type, such as a muscle or gland cell. A chemical messenger is necessary for rapid communication between cells if there are small gaps of 20 to 50 nanometers (7.874
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inches), called synapses or synaptic clefts, between the two cells. The two cells are referred to as either presynaptic or postsynaptic. The term "presynaptic" refers to the neuron that produces and ...
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Modifications of alamethicin ion channels by substitution of Glu-7 for...
Biophysical Journal;
July 1, 2002 ;
Asami, Koji; Okazaki, Takashi; Nagai, Yasuaki; Nagaoka, Yasuo;
787 words
......stability of channel structure and ion permeation, we studied electrical properties of ion channels formed by synthesized native...and Rf30 form voltage-gated ion channels in bilayer lipid membranes...1993; Cafiso, 1994). In the ion channels, peptide helices are ...
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Epinephrine transiently increase amino acid disappearance to lower amino...
JPEN, Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition;
September 1, 1999 ;
Ratheiser, Klaus M; Pesola, Gene R; Campbell, Robert G; Matthews, Dwight E;
787 words
......Infusion of epinephrine decreases plasma amino acid concentrations. However, the mechanism...normal healthy adults. The essential amino acid tracers L-[1-^sup 13^C] leucine and L...and blood samples obtained to determine amino acid rates of appearance and disappearance...
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Amino acid pharmacokinetics and safety assessment1
The Journal of Nutrition;
June 1, 2003 ;
Bier, Dennis M;
787 words
...ABSTRACT Tracer kinetic studies of amino acid metabolism during periods of high amino acid intake should allow insights into adaptive or maladaptive regulatory mechanisms controlling amino acid catabolic or disposal events before clinically...
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Molecular and Functional Characterization of a Family of Amino Acid...
Plant Physiology;
October 1, 2004 ;
Su, Yan-Hua; Frommer, Wolf B; Ludewig, Uwe;
787 words
...More than 50 distinct amino acid transporter genes have been identified in the genome...can be divided into two major superfamilies: the amino acid transporter family and the amino acid polyamine choline transporter family. Currently...
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ANT(1), an aromatic and neutral amino acid tansporter in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology;
April 1, 2001 ;
Chen, Lishan; Ortiz-Lopez, Adriana; Jung, Alan; Bush, Daniel R;
787 words
...A new amino acid transporter was identified from the...cDNAs by expressing the cDNA in a yeast amino acid transport mutant. Transport analysis...Phylogenetic comparisons with other known amino acid transporters in plants suggests that...
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Oral and intravenous tracer protocols of the indicator amino acid...
The Journal of Nutrition;
August 1, 2002 ;
Kriengsinyos, Wantanee; Wykes, Linda J; Ball, Ronald O; Pencharz, Paul B;
787 words
......Intravenous Tracer Protocols of the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method Provide the Same Estimate...whether splanchnic uptake of the indicator amino acid ([1-^sup 13^C] phenylalanine) during...isotope administration using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique do not affect ...
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The Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method Identified Limiting Amino Acids...
The Journal of Nutrition;
May 1, 2007 ;
Brunton, Janet A; Shoveller, Anna K; Pencharz, Paul B; Ball, Ronald O;
787 words
...Abstract Recent studies using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique in TPN-fed...been instrumental in defining parenteral amino acid requirements. None of the commercial...whether the oxidation of an indicator amino acid would decline with the addition of amino...
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Amino Acid Needs for Early Growth and Development1,2
The Journal of Nutrition;
June 1, 2004 ;
Pencharz, Paul B; Ball, Ronald O;
787 words
...ABSTRACT Few data exist on amino acid needs in infants and children, mainly because until recently, amino acid requirements were determined using nitrogen balance. The advent of the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method permits studies...
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Amino acid composition of the fetal pig
The Journal of Nutrition;
May 1, 1999 ;
Wu, Guoyao; Ott, Troy L; Knabe, Darrell A; Bazer, Fuller W;
787 words
...Amino Acid Composition of the Fetal Pig1 ABSTRACT Amino acid composition and accretion were determined in fetal pigs...of uterine arteriovenous concentrations. Nitrogen and amino acid accretion in fetal pigs increased more rapidly with gestation...
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Electrophysiological analysis of cloned cyclic nucleotide-gated ion...
Plant Physiology;
February 1, 2002 ;
Leng, Qiang; Mercier, Richard W; Hua, Bao-Guang; Fromm, Hillel; Berkowitz, Gerald A;
787 words
......Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels1 Electrophysiological...cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels AtCNGC2 and AtCNGC1...not possessing the amino acid sequence found in the...K^sup +^-selective ion channels. Application of cAMP...However, primary amino acid ...
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Threonine deprivation rapidly activates the system A amino acid...
The Journal of Nutrition;
July 1, 2003 ;
Blais, Anne; Huneau, Jean-Francois; Magrum, Linda J; Koehnle, Thomas J; Et al;
787 words
......recognition of essential (indispensable) amino acid deficiency by changing their feeding...20 min, yet the cellular mechanisms of amino acid sensation in eukaryotes are poorly understood...analog in birds likely houses the in vivo amino acid chemosensor. Because amino ...
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The mechanism for transcriptional activation of the human ATA2 transporter...
The Journal of Nutrition;
October 1, 2002 ;
Bain, Perry J; LeBlanc-Chaffin, Rene; Chen, Hong; Palii, Stela S; Et al;
787 words
......of the Human ATA2 Transporter Gene by Amino Acid Deprivation is Different than That for Asparagine Synthetase1 ABSTRACT After amino acid deprivation, the mRNA content for both...regulatory characteristics with those of AS. Amino acid limitation was initiated by incubation...
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Diets Deficient in Indispensable Amino Acids Rapidly Decrease the...
The Journal of Nutrition;
September 1, 2004 ;
Koehnle, Thomas J; Russell, Matthew C; Morin, Andrew S; Erecius, Lesa F; Gietzen, Dorothy W;
787 words
...ABSTRACT Diets deficient in an indispensable amino acid have long been known to suppress food...Recent studies showed that the response to amino acid deficiency takes as little as 15 min...diet with either a control or deficient amino acid profile. Both the threonine- and ...
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Leucine Is Not a Good Choice as an Indicator Amino Acid for Determining...
The Journal of Nutrition;
April 1, 2006 ;
Hsu, Jean W-C; Kriengsinyos, Wantanee; Wykes, Linda J; Rafii, Mahroukh; Et al;
787 words
......indicator to be used in the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method. The goal of...2^ production, i.e., increasing test amino acid intake resulted in a linear decrease...indicates clear partitioning of the indicator amino acid between oxidation and protein synthesis...
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Whole-body nitrogen and splanchnic amino acid metabolism differ in rats...
The Journal of Nutrition;
July 1, 2001 ;
Daenzer, Maren; Petzke, Klaus Jurgen; Bequette, Brian J; Metges, Cornelia C;
787 words
...Whole-Body Nitrogen and Splanchnic Amino Acid Metabolism Differ in Rats Fed Mixed Diets Containing Casein or Its Corresponding Amino Acid Mixture1 ABSTRACT Whole-body and splanchnic...CAS) or the corresponding crystalline L-amino acid mixture (AA) were compared. Male adult...
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