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Article: Codes and Ciphers
- Article from:
- Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, andSecurity
- Author:
CopyrightCOPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information)
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Codes and Ciphers
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LARRY GILMAN
Codes and ciphers are forms of cryptography, a term from the Greek
kryptos
, hidden, and
graphia
, writing. Both transform legible messages into series of symbols that are intelligible only to specific recipients. Codes do so by substituting arbitrary symbols for meanings listed in a codebook; ciphers do so by performing rule-directed operations directly on original message text. Because codes can only communicate concepts that are listed in their codebooks, they have limited flexibility. Rather, modern cryptography relies almost entirely on ciphers implemented by digital computers, and is widely employed in industry, diplomacy, espionage, ...
Related newspaper, magazine, and journal articles:
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Article: Patent No.7,577,115 Issued on Aug. 18, Assigned to SKY Teletech ...
US Fed News Service, Including US State News;
August 24, 2009 ;
430 words
... ... compares a part of slot values in code groups of the secondary synchronization ... from a base station with a part of code groups already known and, when there ... than a predetermined value, reads code groups having the same pattern as that ...
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