Article: Papacy and Papal States

PAPACY AND PAPAL STATES

PAPACY AND PAPAL STATES. "Pope" (from the Greek papas, Latin and Italian papa, 'father') was the title given clergy in the ancient church, which in the West eventually became the exclusive title of the bishop of Rome, who was conside red the successor of St. Peter and increasingly accepted in the West as head of the whole church. At the beginning of the early modern period, the papacy had so restored its institutional authority due to the healing of the Great Western Schism (1378 1417) and its increasing victory over conciliarism that Alexander VI (reigned 1492 1503) could divide the non-Christian world and assign sovereignty over it to Spain ...

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