Article: Democracy: The lessons of history

AMERICANS TEND to be smug about democracy, assuming we invented it, or at least perfected it. Historians use the phrase "American exceptionalism" to describe this belief that we have something unique to offer the world. It is a messianic impulse whose most recent iteration is the attempt to export our values to the Middle East over the barrel of a gun.

But a look back at the laboratories where "rule of the people" was born - particularly ancient Athens and Renaissance Florence - offers a useful challenge to a hubris born partly out of amnesia. Despite the glaring inadequacies of those earlier systems, they outperformed our democracy in fundamental ways.

By some measures, both ancient Athens ...

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