Article: A LESSON IN IMMIGRATION GUEST WORKERS EXPERIMENTS TRANSFORMED EUROPE

BERLIN Germany needed workers. Turks needed work.

So starting in 1961, the country invited Turkish "guest workers" to come do the dirty jobs that Germans didn't want.

Only 7,000 "gastarbeiter," as they were called, arrived that first year, a curiosity in a country where non-European faces were rare. Press flashbulbs popped. Politicians made speeches of welcome. Ordinary Germans watched, bemused.

Nobody grasped that the country and the continent, because neighboring nations soon undertook similar experiments was on the brink of a transformation whose effects are still reverberating across Europe.

In Berlin, which today ranks as the largest "Turkish" city outside Turkey, falafel stands and ...

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