The current state of nanotechnology provides many immediate opportunities for manufacturers to improve their products, especially with nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Nanotechnology is now beginning the second of four stages to mature nanosystems, with lab demos at each stage every five years or so [1]. The four stages are:

1. Passive nanostructures-particles, composites and pores with static features under 100 nanometers.

2. Active nanodevices-nanostructures that change state in response to stimuli.

3. Physical finite-state nanomachines-these direct large numbers of intricate components to specified ends (often vaguely labeled as "systems of nanosystems").

4. Productive molecular ...

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