In animals that display acoustically, males may use the presence of conspecifics to choose optimal times for display, and in doing so minimize costs of advertisement while maximizing the probability of mating success. Among anuran amphibians, it is well known that males can adjust their calling behavior in response to fluctuating social conditions. Within a species, it is not known whether males adjust their calling activity differently in response to females, and the immediate chance of mating, than in response to males, and the risk of competition for mates. In the Australian toadlet Pseudophryne bibronii, males construct terrestrial nests and call to advertise territory occupation and to ...

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