Identification of the Melting Layer through Dual-Polarization Radar...

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology;  June 1, 2006 ;     700+ words ...ABSTRACT Features of the melting layer of precipitation such as height...detect the characteristics of the melting layer based on the standard deviation...meteorology, investigation of the melting layer has been one of the many recurring...

Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part III: The Density Effect

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences;  October 1, 2005 ;     700+ words ......description of the melting layer is the explicit...flux above the melting layer and vertical Doppler...precipitation with a melting layer, high snow-to-rain...present in the melting layer the model appears...First, Fabry and Zawadzki (1995, ...

Validation and Development of Melting Layer Models Using Constraints by...

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology;  April 1, 2007 ;     700+ words ......the microphysical structure of the melting layer in stratiform rain using airborne observations...properties of melting hydrometeors. The melting layer can contribute a majority of the total...retrievals in stratiform rain. Several melting layer models were evaluated based on their...

Microwave Radiative Transfer in the Mixed-Phase Regions of Tropical...

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology;  November 1, 2006 ;     700+ words ......absorption coefficient in the bright band (melting layer) in the stratiform rainfall was roughly...below. Radiative transfer models of the melting layer have a similar range of uncertainties...model the radiometric impact of the melting layer of stratiform rain. These models use...

Effects of incorporating a brightband model in a downward-looking radar...

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology;  January 1, 2001 ;     700+ words ......described that enables one to include the melting layer contribution. Results show a marked...and highlights the importance of the melting layer in retrieval algorithms, particularly...assumption, namely, the inclusion of a melting layer. Because of certain inherent assumptions...

A melting-layer model for passive/active microwave remote sensing...

Journal of Applied Meteorology;  July 1, 2001 ;     700+ words ......separated size categories through the melting layer. The depth of the modeled melting layer is primarily determined by the initial...absorption by rain at the base of the melting layer. Calculated precipitation backscatter...

Modeling of the melting layer. Part II: Electromagnetic

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences;  October 15, 1999 ;     700+ words ......meteorological modeling of the melting layer, a model of the scattering...features like the melting-layer thickness, brightband...processes in the melting layer because of their...dynamics (Szyrmer and Zawadzki 1999, and references...difficult to make in the melting ...

The IMPROVE-1 Storm of 1-2 February 2001. Part IV: Precipitation...

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences;  March 1, 2008 ;     700+ words ......increase by 7% in the melting layer through direct...increase by 5% in the melting layer through accretion...snow within the melting layer, may contribute...and within the melting layer (e.g., Oraltay...g., Szyrmer and Zawadzki 1999). In these...and rain) in the ...

The effect of the melting layer on the microwave emission of clouds over...

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences;  March 15, 1999 ;     700+ words ......However, if the melting layer is either weak.ly...1. Introduction A melting layer is usually observed...Recently, Fabry and Zawadzki (1995) published...indicated that a melting layer was present in 75...signature of the melting layer. An increase of ...

Polarimetric Radar Observation of Multiple Freezing Levels

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences;  October 1, 2005 ;     700+ words ......As the front approached, an elevated melting layer formed above a preexisting melting layer near ground. Continued warming of the...atmosphere eventually dissipated the lower melting layer. The polarimetric measurements are used...

Vertical Variability of Cloud Hydrometeors in the Stratiform Region of...

Monthly Weather Review;  October 1, 2007 ;     700+ words ......within, and below the stratiform melting layer. Ten spirals were behind lines that...temperatures between -10C and the melting layer, but exhibited steady decreases below the melting layer to an average relative humidity with...

Automatic Designation of the Melting Layer with a Polarimetric Prototype...

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology;  May 1, 2008 ;     700+ words ...ABSTRACT A new polarimetric melting layer detection algorithm (MLDA) is utilized...melting level) and bottom boundaries of the melting layer and is tailored for operational deployment. Melting layer designations from a polarimetric prototype...

Automated detection of the bright band using WSR-88D data

Weather and Forecasting;  August 1, 2003 ;     700+ words ......hydrometeors within the melting layer increase backscatter...is sampling within the melting layer and therefore may be...warnings. Moreover, the melting-layer observations can be used...of hydrometeors in the melting layer. This region of artificially...hydrometeors. ...

Constraining microwave brightness temperatures by radar brightband...

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology;  June 1, 2003 ;     700+ words ......observation have to be accounted for. The melting layer has recently been identified as a possible...of the scattering properties of the melting layer with different one-dimensional steady-sta...collapse into water droplets below the melting layer. This melting layer ...

The Melting Layer: A Laboratory Investigation of Ice Particle Melt and...

Journal of Applied Meteorology;  February 1, 2005 ;     700+ words ...ABSTRACT Melting, freezing, and evaporation of individual...to reproduce conditions of the melting layer. Nonequilibrium conditions are...the mechanism for lowering the melting layer with an increasing precipitation...updrafts. 1. Introduction: The melting layer As snow crystals ...