Article: Effects of ashless antiwear agents on valve train wear and sludge formation in gasoline engine testing

The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) GF-2 requirements for passenger car motor oils (PCMOs) lowered allowable phosphorus limits from a maximum of 0. 12% under ILSAC GF- 1 to a maximum of 0.10%, thus removing 17% of the most commonly used antiwear and antioxidant additive in PCMOs, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). ILSAC may require 0.05% to 0.08% phosphorus in the GF-3 specification proposed for implementation circa 2000. This continuing decrease in the ZDDP content will require supplemental nonphosphorus antiwear additives to guarantee adequate wear protection in the next generation of motor oils.

The ASTM Sequence VE engine dynamometer test was ...

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