River flow response to precipitation and snow budget in California during...

Journal of Climate;  September 1, 1998 ;     700+ words ......snowfallinduced runoff causes river levels to respond to precipitation with time lags ranging from a few hours to months...energy budget. Since a significant portion of precipitation in California is snowfall, partitioning precipitation into rainfall and snowfall and estimating the...States, the ...

Correction of Global Precipitation Products for Orographic Effects

Journal of Climate;  January 1, 2006 ;     700+ words ......usually underestimate) precipitation in topographically complex...orographie lifting on precipitation. Various publications...discuss the influence of topography on precipitation and demonstrate that...for improved gridded precipitation estimates that account...DEM) to partition the ...

Location-Specific Prediction of the Probability of Occurrence and Quantity...

Weather and Forecasting;  June 1, 2004 ;     700+ words ......winter season, mainly in the form of snow. This precipitation severely affects human activities due to eold wave conditions and avalanches. Winter precipitation is mainly attributed to the passage of weather...northwest India. These WDs yield large amounts of precipitation during winter months, namely, ...

Representation of topography by shaved cells in a height coordinate ocean...

Monthly Weather Review;  September 1, 1997 ;     700+ words ......coordinate ocean models commonly represent topography as a "staircase" of discontinuous steps...cells" are used to represent irregular topography. The problem is formulated using the...conservation properties. Two representations of topography, "partial step" and "piecewise linear...

Adjoint Sensitivity of an Ocean General Circulation Model to Bottom...

Journal of Physical Oceanography;  February 1, 2007 ;     700+ words ...ABSTRACT Bottom topography, or more generally the geometry of the...across 32S, are sensitive to bottom topography as much as they are to surface boundary conditions. For example, adjoint topography sensitivities of the transport through...

Eddy-mean flow interaction in zonal oceanic jet flow along zonal ridge...

Journal of Physical Oceanography;  October 1, 1998 ;     700+ words ......slopes in the Southern Ocean, effects of topography on the spatial distribution of mesoscale...quasigeostrophic channel model. The principal topography, a zonal ridge with a zonal modulation...relatively subtle alongstream variations of topography. Topographic steering leads to alongstream...

Role of Topography in Forcing Low-Level Jets in the Central United States...

Monthly Weather Review;  January 1, 2004 ;     700+ words ......shown that in the absence of topography the ridging from the Bermuda...jet (LLJ) and warm-season precipitation over the Great Plains, the...elimination or modification of the topography in regional model simulations...hypothetical modification of the topography in the continental ...

Subgrid-scale parameterizations of eddy-topographic force, eddy viscosity,...

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences;  June 1, 1999 ;     700+ words ......flow over mean (single realization) topography. These subgridscale parameterizations...Introduction It has long been recognized that topography plays a major role in determining ocean...is between turbulent vortices and the topography rather than gravity wave drag. He proposes...

Bottom Topography as a Control Variable in an Ocean Model

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology;  November 1, 2003 ;     700+ words ...ABSTRACT The possibility of using topography in a state estimation context as a control...Sensitivity of the flow field to the topography is greater in a partially blocked zonal...neither case can all the details of the topography be recovered, showing that the relationship...

The Influence of Topography on the Stability of Jets

Journal of Physical Oceanography;  May 1, 2005 ;     700+ words ......this article, the effect shelflike topography has on the stability of a jet that...intricate dependence of growth rate on topography. In particular, the authors determine that retrograde topography (with the shallow water on the left...

Temporal-Spatial Scales of Observed and Simulated Precipitation in Central...

Journal of Climate;  November 15, 2003 ;     700+ words ......for precipitation in the U.S. northern plains. Precipitation in this region shows a prominent nocturnal maximum...presumably must be simulated well to capture the precipitation intensity spectrum, at least on subdiurnal timescales...thus considers a range of temporal scales for precipitation, ...

The Impact of Coastal Boundaries and Small Hills on the Precipitation...

Monthly Weather Review;  March 1, 2007 ;     700+ words ......and southern CT, while there was a localized precipitation minimum over LI Sound. A factor separation on...effects have similar contributions to the total precipitation enhancement and the vertical circulations below...above 3 km, while there was little flow and precipitation interaction between the ...

Baroclinic instability of two-layer flows over one-dimensional bottom...

Journal of Physical Oceanography;  August 1, 2001 ;     647 words ......two-layer zonal flows on the beta plane over bottom topography is examined. The topography is assumed to be one-dimensional, with the...demonstrated the following: 1) The effect of topography is the strongest when the isobaths are parallel...

Equilibraim statistical mechanics of barotropic flow over finite...

Journal of Physical Oceanography;  July 1, 2001 ;     700+ words ......equilibria of barotropic flows over finite-amplitude topography are determined by means of statistical mechanics...eddies, Holloway (1992) focused on the role of topography. When topography is present, entropy generation by eddies leads...

The Motion of a Point Vortex near Large-Amplitude Topography in a...

Journal of Physical Oceanography;  December 1, 2004 ;     700+ words ......near large-amplitude, sharply varying topography like that which occurs in continental shelf regions. Topography takes the form of an infinitely long...stratification is chosen such that the height of topography in the upper layer is a small fraction...